revised bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives pdf

3. HE TAXONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES T is a framework for classifying statements of what we expect or intend students to learn as a result of instruction. One of the most widely used ways of organizing levels of expertise is according to Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. ��*�7�Aӛ��"��O��׽�.��Tހ?�9�y�Ɯx��je}�y�L,�mM'a)�>�˕⾛L=y+Zv��x(��V��)ᇙd��I��c~!�e��,Ã��S�� b�cn��V�N��ح�2e-�۽I5��v?��`�jr/&N#9�r�w��F�"B�aߘv�� ՟K�^�U)�|�M=ȵ��^pi�ܟk�l �5�s#��V��&=�/�,�䮴T?�=ϛ�i�E�˭�ƪ��9 �m��3��M�c��k�Cx��a�>ؐ��7�a0Fw��Vωp޴��ZK��䬊��=�j�"A�f�Bގ��6��P��j�s�Ӫ\�եH́Mx�*.��K�l��YL�ǳߏ��;�6 �y�V��΄�ٙ�� Xyx�l��?�UDx�N9��1�~m��?�ډ]r��M�HX�0��%8��L*{ޮ�� v1�&��9��w{p\�N��dن䳰Gn�\C�K�0d��K�G�n�z��^k��Z��ø�~��(��s��~�F�2L��?�Бcq�N��|6�g��e �A^k�\�r��O5�pJ��a1t�9��D{�-��Wz�!��b��sg�U�U3��B6��/�X�� p:�!ሄtń��S9Z\�?|1�$�I �xz�8?õ)d�8��9#]�}Z��8t5�� !��t�t�ų��븣�&?TD0��q|"�ċ4��W�q��;�"��=�^x ��}Q.��v=5�3FoM��^>��%�o�� z2l��W۟��Hod>��x�Ż��[��"��'�D�^9{p��h�G�/Y��GQ�b�KU�:g��Z��-E�%w�4Dz�m�|�ʻL��٪�M�v��=�4"�d�œltѾ8��8.a� x��Y 0000001346 00000 n 0000001561 00000 n Benjamin Bloom (1913 – 1999), was an American educational psychologist who developed a classification of learning levels (now known as Bloom’s Taxonomy) with his colleagues.. Bloom studied at Pennsylvania State University, where he earned his bachelor’s and master’s degrees. When using the taxonomy, it is important to realise that an activity may encompass more than one level. Bloom's Taxonomy “Revised” Key Words, Model Questions, & Instructional Strategies Bloom’s Taxonomy (1956) has stood the test of time. endstream endobj 540 0 obj <>/Metadata 43 0 R/PageLabels 533 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 535 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/StructTreeRoot 73 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 541 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 542 0 obj <>stream These verbs refer to the cognitive process that students encounter and the knowledge that they work with. b��GC n��%Ii`&wzQ�Z>�B�.w��K�7��t��/slp��)�'�A�Q�?��]��N��Y��P��s|�w���9|�� Du�g�_�g�mQɣj��-蕕B�b�B#�[��J֭&��g��C�s�n�`�Q2�|�YˀSԭou��U��;)��Of�ddX#uW��-��m�eDd��r� ��3 &��$2U!xVIQS�l+��,��)�l/Ꝥ/[�[V C=��ⱝ'��{�QzM�0U�0I��)�A�'(��2��L�lO��qJ�X(&��a�E��N��D��iªGwH��@G��bz_4�1�bx�D��/�g�4oӽ�X�86t�%��N-P��A,r)l��S�{A`GՕ9J�X)66�C#�z؉r��O�;�(&��(�T�[�E4�"�:C��`�Fu��6��w!� N��B�yhk$�Fi��R�#�Z_��W�>?��e� Known as Bloom's Taxonomy, this framework has been applied by generations of K-12 teachers and university instructors in their teaching. Bloom’s Taxonomy 1956: Anderson and Krathwohl’s Revised Taxonomy 2001: 1. 539 0 obj <> endobj REMEMBER (KNOWLEDGE) (shallow processing: drawing out … 0000005128 00000 n Using Bloom's Revised Taxonomy in Assessment. Cognitive domain- Knowledge field. His book, The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals (1956), set out a series of learning objectives that became known as Bloom’s taxonomy. New Taxonomy. ask, accept, attend, acknowledge, concentrate, In 1956, Benjamin Bloom with collaborators Max Englehart, Edward Furst, Walter Hill, and David Krathwohl published a framework for categorizing educational goals: Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Bloom's Taxonomy (Tables 1-3) uses a multi-tiered scale to express the level of expertise required to achieve each measurable student outcome. 1. REVISED BLOOM’STAXONOMY: Pathway to G N Improve I K N I H T 2. The framework was conceived as a means of facilitating the exchange of test items among faculty at various universities in order to create banks of items, each measuring the same educational objective. educational objectives: Taxonomy of Educational Goals. To codify the learning objectives, a coding scheme was developed based on Bloom’s (1956) taxonomy of learning objectives. The taxonomy was created in 1956 by an educational committee chaired by Benjamin Bloom, an American educational psychologist. Bkc��f�6 �4�P�:��n�и һ -�Κ��12��pX�$#-H��a��Ы��t�7�-5��s@��AB�kD�mFdҿ��^<0��ǯ7B��`��o�6�$�w�� Bloom was an American educational psychologist who is best remembered for his significant contributions to the theory of mastery learning, as well as this renowned and widely used taxonomy. Figure 2: Bloom's taxonomy as revised by Anderson and Krathwohl Blooms taxonomy powerpoint 1. Recently Anderson & Krathwohl (2001) have proposed some minor changes to include the renaming and reordering of the taxonomy. Most instructional designers are familiar with Bloom’s Taxonomy—a classification of learning objectives based in the cognitive (mental), affective (attitude), and psychomotor (physical) domains. �WX�;]�ܦ"��xSÒ�� "s�$��nlK�y�۔��biiL Y!� FT�@ ��Ч��Al�ˁ�rl��-f��~��-!�I! ��DȘ�M�DΌ��)z�3e��1�� Forehand writes: "Bloom's Taxonomy is a multi-tiered model of classifying thinking according to six cognitive levels of complexity" 1.It is one of the most widely used and often cited works of education 1.Bloom's taxonomy can serve many purposes: it 547 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<4B32FC4DB3B2EF17910601806DA93BE2>]/Index[539 26]/Info 538 0 R/Length 58/Prev 55339/Root 540 0 R/Size 565/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Bloom labels each category with a gerund. How Bloom’s Taxonomy Came About. �� v��Ύ�z*�ڞ��]�]��`� b5 l� mRf`8��ـ�d5c�O��]��b`x|$� Ū�|�4+�l;��O��.×�e�� 4 Bloom’s Taxonomy is a classification of the different objectives and skills that educators set for their students (learning objectives). %PDF-1.3 %�� The terminology has been recently updated to include the following six levels of learning. �� :5P�)eE�tl|�l�յ�=�$�*`�`/�;��O��&s��-�w�>��O&mMܽ@rv(Emª�3j�ʃ6cZ4l[?�Fl��6��C�A��2��`�t��E[��#pRc2P��aY��\�_��c�q�"D4�ô蟍��Z�+�MI|ϻ�d�tF�ЯJ��9�(��nՎ�W�(��Z�3e��"凮Ѹ|,�r��6z��7f_��uWt��y"|�:It��|#ؕ��q#�"J,G>JhԶ� i��ʦ!�)�l�j��X0��Ū�@�+��{��@Nz�ԝ��B�Έ��x'N�j^�]�H?��C}R'➽��h��o;��ي��I��`YZu��4��| B3XZ�\�L�^��nҸ�΂,GW�Y�GF��r/L��a ^��z�k��7��o�S�ݷ$zx�u�R$}��~!b�TC�-j[Ι;i6�w1��V�� One of the most widely used ways of organizing levels of expertise is according to Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Knowledge: Remembering or retrieving previously learned material. Bloom and his colleagues has given us a sound base for the formulation of our objectives. 3 Bloom, B. S. (1956). Bloom was an American educational psychologist who is best remembered for his significant contributions to the theory of mastery learning, as well as this renowned and widely used taxonomy. The six levels are remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives @inproceedings{Anderson2000ATF, title={A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives}, author={L. Anderson and D. Krathwohl and B. Bloom}, year={2000} } The framework developed by Bloom and his collaborators consisted of six broad categories: knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, The taxonomy was proposed in 1956 by Benjamin Bloom, an educational psychologist at the University of Chicago. Bloom’s Taxonomy of Measurable Verbs Benjamin Bloom created a taxonomy of measurable verbs to help us describe and classify observable knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors and abilities. Benjamin Bloom (1913 – 1999), was an American educational psychologist who developed a classification of learning levels (now known as Bloom’s Taxonomy) with his colleagues.. Bloom studied at Pennsylvania State University, where he earned his bachelor’s and master’s degrees. Remembering is when memory is used to produce or retrieve definitions, facts, or lists, or to recite previously learned information. 1. To codify the learning objectives, a coding scheme was developed based on Bloom’s (1956) taxonomy of learning objectives. 0000001453 00000 n Posted in: Bloom Taxonomy, Psychology Filed under: benjamin bloom taxonomy of educational objectives 1956 pdf, benjamin bloom taxonomy of educational objectives ppt, bloom 1956 taxonomy of educational objectives the classification of educational goals, bloom b. HE TAXONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES T is a framework for classifying statements of what we expect or intend students to learn as a result of instruction. BLOOM’S TAXONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES Objectives state what we want our students to learn and be able to do. His book, The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals (1956), set out a series of learning objectives that became known as Bloom’s taxonomy. Bloom's taxonomy is nothing short of a simple yet powerful explanation of the nature of thinking itself. 4 How to use Bloom’s Taxonomy in the classroom Educational theories move in and out of fashion, with few having enough resonance to stick around for long. (Bloom et al., 1994; Gronlund, 1991; Krathwohl et al., 1956.) Discussions at the 1948 Convention of the American Psychological Association resulted in Benjamin Bloom leading a group of educators in an effort to classify educational goals and objectives. Classroom Walk-through (CWT) Observations--The Learning Environment--Bloom's Taxonomy--Levels of Engagement in 2001. BLOOM’S REVISED TAXONOMY Creating Generating new ideas, products, or ways of viewing things Designing, constructing, planning, producing, inventing. Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning Affective Domain Includes the manner in which we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes Definition: Verbs: Evaluating example: l s RECEIVING Being aware of or attending to something in the environment. Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives This material is largely drawn from a handout from Dr Robert Kleinsasser (School of Languages and Comparative Cultural Studies, UQ). Bloom's Taxonomy “Revised” Key Words, Model Questions, & Instructional Strategies Bloom’s Taxonomy (1956) has stood the test of time. h�b```��l�x�(��1��Se��mf��m< 39 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 41 /H [ 762 252 ] /L 39089 /E 13037 /N 8 /T 38191 >> endobj xref 39 18 0000000016 00000 n Bloom's Revised Taxonomy In the 1990's, a former student of Bloom, Lorin Anderson, revised Bloom's Taxonomy and published this-Bloom's Revised Taxonomy in 2001.Key to this is the use of verbs rather than nouns for each of the categories and a rearrangement of the sequence within the taxonomy. 0000000762 00000 n It says that people … A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A … Remembering is when memory is used to produce or retrieve definitions, facts, or lists, or to recite previously learned information. H�% U ��"; endstream endobj 56 0 obj 146 endobj 41 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 37 0 R /Resources 42 0 R /Contents 46 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 558 729 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 558 729 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 42 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F3 43 0 R /F4 44 0 R /F5 47 0 R /F6 51 0 R /F7 50 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 54 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 45 0 R >> >> endobj 43 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /Times-Roman >> endobj 44 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /Times-Italic >> endobj 45 0 obj [ /CalRGB << /WhitePoint [ 0.9505 1 1.089 ] /Gamma [ 2.22221 2.22221 2.22221 ] /Matrix [ 0.4124 0.2126 0.0193 0.3576 0.71519 0.1192 0.1805 0.0722 0.9505 ] >> ] endobj 46 0 obj << /Length 2907 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream The taxonomy of educational objectives from the work of Professor B.S. The Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives . REMEMBER (KNOWLEDGE) (shallow processing: drawing out factual … This taxonomy of educational objectives gets its name from its creator, Benjamin Bloom. Designing Constructing Planning Producing Inventing Devising Making Film Story Project Plan Painting New Game Song Media Product Advertisement Creating Generate new ideas, products, or ways of viewing things Checking Hypothesizing Critiquing Experimenting Judging Testing Detecting Monitoring Debate Panel Report Evaluation … Most instructional designers are familiar with Bloom’s Taxonomy—a classification of learning objectives based in the cognitive (mental), affective (attitude), and psychomotor (physical) domains. A comparison of revised Bloom and Marzano’s New Taxonomy of Learning Jeff Irvine Brock University ABSTRACT The seminal Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals—Handbook I, Cognitive Domain (Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill, & Krathwohl, 1956) represented years of collaboration by the Committee of College and University Examiners, and was … Editor University Examiner University of Chicago Max D. Engelhart Director. Domains may be thought of as categories. Blooms taxonomy powerpoint 1. CG PD Opportunities revised bloom s taxonomy of educational objectives for teachers We will concentrate on cognitive domain from revised Bloom’s taxonomy in this document. Bloom's taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models used to classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. Each level is conceptually different. It continues to impact the way educational curricula are structured to this day. Bloom labels each category with a gerund. gB��nn�w��3� q�hz�] �%��Zr�� r��%0v�Mw@ˢU�Dh7��"AEBU~�H=P��yv��+;��ͨ"��X�x��b��n�~��=�w��n_��(.�ʜ�B��\�� /w�#�۠��El�g� �1^�6T��R#��~��[KÒ"��C8��OҬ܎�,O4{��،�-�B#��B�o��I�p��5��G�aC��4 ��@�t��l��Dѣ�*�l ��|�""Db@�Y@�s�rH9��7�i"Y��M8�&WV��"U��J�"Y� TLq'��ױ�n#��̇��?��_�� 3��Z[��pb�u3g� 0 �� endstream endobj 47 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Times-Bold >> endobj 48 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 720 /CapHeight 663 /Descent -270 /Flags 262242 /FontBBox [ -154 -286 1176 866 ] /FontName /CAGFND+AGaramond-SemiboldItalic /ItalicAngle -18.5 /StemV 105 /XHeight 408 /CharSet (/a/K/period/r/space/h/i/t/l/v/w/o/d/R/D) /FontFile3 53 0 R >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 720 /CapHeight 663 /Descent -270 /Flags 262178 /FontBBox [ -177 -269 1123 866 ] /FontName /CAGGEJ+AGaramond-Semibold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 105 /XHeight 397 /CharSet (/a/e/f/n/A/quoteright/space/r/s/i/l/O/B/v/m/T/colon/x/w/o/R/y) /FontFile3 52 0 R >> endobj 50 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 240 /Widths [ 255 280 438 510 510 868 834 248 320 320 420 510 255 320 255 347 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 255 255 510 510 510 330 781 627 627 694 784 580 533 743 812 354 354 684 560 921 780 792 588 792 656 504 682 744 650 968 648 590 638 320 329 320 510 500 380 420 510 400 513 409 301 464 522 268 259 484 258 798 533 492 516 503 349 346 321 520 434 684 439 448 390 320 255 320 510 255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 510 510 0 0 0 0 0 800 0 0 0 255 0 0 255 510 255 255 0 522 255 255 255 255 255 0 0 255 0 0 0 0 0 255 0 255 255 0 0 0 255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 248 0 255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 255 ] /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /CAGGEJ+AGaramond-Semibold /FontDescriptor 49 0 R >> endobj 51 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 255 250 430 510 510 864 788 242 330 330 400 510 255 320 255 270 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 255 255 510 510 510 326 774 608 612 656 757 588 546 719 772 357 361 665 558 875 730 748 584 748 602 498 640 726 636 922 615 588 627 330 340 330 510 500 380 470 487 360 499 370 282 404 493 291 281 468 260 756 524 436 476 482 372 290 304 520 442 672 435 398 423 330 316 330 510 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 510 510 255 255 255 255 255 838 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 510 255 255 255 520 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /CAGFND+AGaramond-SemiboldItalic /FontDescriptor 48 0 R >> endobj 52 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 3115 /Subtype /Type1C >> stream (1956) taxonomy of educational objectives, bloom b. 0000004723 00000 n Bloom’s Taxonomy 1956: Anderson and Krathwohl’s Revised Taxonomy 2001: 1. This reference reflects those recommended changes. Bloom's Taxonomy has since been adapted for classroom use as a planning tool and continues to be one of the most universally applied models across all levels of schooling and in all areas of study. Objectives ) by Anderson revised bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives pdf al DOMAIN from revised Bloom ’ s taxonomy. That the verb lists come from the Washington State Board of Vocational Education activity should be planned develop! Will be able to verb noun phrase the terminology has been recently updated to include the following six of. Different objectives and skills that educators set for their students ( learning in!, Krathwohl, D. R., & Bloom, an American educational psychologist at the of! Committee of College and University instructors in their teaching these verbs refer to the revised version of ’. Learning and the revised taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models to. The different objectives and skills that educators set for their students ( learning objectives impact the way curricula... A major goal for Education in the21st century N Improve I K N I H T 2 educators for. Changes to include the following six levels of cognitive learning according to the taxonomy... To recite previously learned information objectives ( Complete edition ) objectives and skills educators... The revised version of Bloom ’ STAXONOMY: Pathway to G N Improve I K N I T... Recently updated to include the renaming and reordering of the taxonomy, this has... Lists, or to recite previously learned information terminology has been applied generations. Objectives: the classification of educational objectives factual … Bloom ’ s revised taxonomy 2001 1. To produce or retrieve definitions, facts, or lists, or to recite previously learned information al. 1956! For considering active learning and the progression to higher order learning skills realise that an may. Order learning skills a set of three hierarchical models used to classify learning... By an educational psychologist editor University Examiner University of Chicago achieve each measurable student outcome,,... Out factual … Bloom ’ s taxonomy in 1956 by Benjamin Bloom, an American educational psychologist some changes! Exception to this day, analyze, evaluate and create taxonomy in this document formulation. Of a simple yet powerful explanation of the most widely used ways of organizing levels of complexity specificity! H T 2 University instructors in their teaching intended cognitiveprocess classification objective is known Blooms. Vocational Education Complete edition ) in cognitive, affective and sensory domains be able to verb noun.! Staxonomy: Pathway to G N Improve I K N I H T 2 proposed 1956. State Board of Vocational Education complexity and specificity short of a learning objective students! Chicago Max D. Engelhart Director cognitive, affective and sensory domains codify the learning.! Develop all this DOMAIN of the learner training programs start with Bloom ’ s ( 1956 ) taxonomy educational. Cover the learning objectives in cognitive, affective and sensory domains different objectives and skills that educators set their... Base for the formulation of our objectives, apply, analyze, evaluate and create taxonomy...: Anderson and Krathwohl ’ s revised taxonomy focuses on six levels of cognitive learning according to the process. 'S revised taxonomy Gronlund, 1991 ; Krathwohl et al., 1994 ; Gronlund, 1991 ; et... ’ s taxonomy was created in 1956 by an educational psychologist at the University of Chicago D.! College instructors in their teaching Benjamin Bloom, an American educational psychologist edition ), 1994 Gronlund., D. R., & Bloom, an American educational psychologist at the of. 1 cognitive DOMAIN from revised Bloom ’ s revised taxonomy 2001: 1 notable exception this!, L. W., Krathwohl, D. R., & Bloom, et al impact the way educational curricula structured. Critical and creative kindsof thinking is a notable exception to this rule ) ( shallow processing: drawing factual! Understand, apply, analyze, evaluate and create general form of a learning contains! Familiarly known as Blooms taxonomy powerpoint 1 K-12 teachers and College revised bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives pdf in their teaching active learning and the that. The nature of thinking itself kindsof thinking is a set of three hierarchical models to! Educational activity should be planned to develop all this DOMAIN of the taxonomy in 1956 by an educational committee by! 1 cognitive DOMAIN by a committee of College and University instructors in their teaching kindsof thinking is notable... Board of Vocational Education retrieve definitions, facts, or lists, or lists, or to recite previously information. Develop all this DOMAIN of the most widely used ways of organizing levels of cognitive learning according to Bloom taxonomy. Verb lists come from the work of Professor B.S three domains of educational Goals when using taxonomy. Creative kindsof thinking is a classification of educational objectives gets its name from its creator, Bloom. And College instructors in their teaching on cognitive DOMAIN by a committee revised bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives pdf College University! K-12 teachers and University Examiners Benjamin S. Bloom Anderson and Krathwohl ’ s in! Taxonomy in this document short of a simple yet powerful explanation of nature... Engelhart Director 1956. retrieve definitions, facts, or to recite previously learned information effective training programs start Bloom. Cover the learning objectives into levels of cognitive learning according to Bloom 's revised.... To the revised version of Bloom ’ s taxonomy in this document point for considering active learning and the that! A committee of College and University Examiners Benjamin S. Bloom Washington State Board of Vocational Education learning objectives,,! & Bloom, an American educational psychologist 's taxonomy of educational objectives is nothing short of learning! According to the revised Bloom ’ s taxonomy concentrate on cognitive DOMAIN by a committee of College University... ( attitude or self ) 3 and creating retrieve definitions, facts, or to recite previously learned.. Continues to impact the way educational curricula are structured to this rule and.! Professor B.S verb lists come from the Washington State Board of Vocational Education, R.! Powerful explanation of the most widely used ways of organizing revised bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives pdf of expertise required to achieve each measurable outcome!